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Exotic Arceuthobium species are also specifically listed as prohibited imports in the European Union, other European countries, Australia, New Zealand, Turkey, Tanzania and no doubt many others. The risk of accidental introduction is already well recognized and trade in conifer plants is correspondingly controlled in many countries. sylvestris in Europe, Juniperus virginiana in North America. may spread to and affect such exotic hosts if they are introduced into other continents, e.g. There is accordingly a certain risk that Arceuthobium spp. occur rather rarely on species other than their main hosts, there is limited data suggesting that they may readily infect some exotic species. A secondary risk is that, although in their natural range Arceuthobium spp. Conversely, the European or Asian hosts of Arceuthobium have not been substantially planted outside their natural range. radiata, one of the North American pines most widely planted around the world, is hardly reported as an Arceuthobium host, nor is Picea sitchensis, planted in parts of Europe). ponderosa, Tsuga spp., and Pseudotsuga menziesii) have been more or less widely planted in other continents, in the absence of these mistletoes (curiously, P. The most obvious risk arises from the fact that several North American hosts (for example, Pinus contorta, P. introductions into other areas of the world is related to the availability of their hosts. occidentale, but the two species are now recognized to be distinct in morphology, geographical distribution and hosts the latter having a more southerly range in California and mainly attacking Pinus sabiniana, P. This species was considered by some early authors to include A.

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campylopodum is a member of subgenus Vaginata, section Campylopoda, series Campylopoda. Arceuthobium was previously included in the subfamily Viscoideae of the family Loranthaceae, but the subfamilies Loranthoideae and Viscoideae are now generally considered to have family status (Loranthaceae and Viscaceae).Ī. They are considered to be the most evolutionarily specialized genus of the family Viscaceae. The genus Arceuthobium is a member of the plant family Viscaceae and is a clearly defined group of small (generally less than 20 cm high), variously coloured flowering plants that are aerial parasites on conifers of the families Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. A detailed discussion of the taxonomy and taxonomic history of the genus Arceuthobium is provided by Hawksworth and Wiens (1996).

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